The Managerial Communication

Question: Discuss about the Manaagerial Communication ? Answer: Introduction Communication is an essential activity. However, the personality traits of individuals might hinder the process of communication. This assignment focuses on four tools namely Big 5 personality test, Myers Briggs Personality test, Emotional intelligence and Social style. These are some of the pioneer tools used for assessment of personality traits in a person. Each of the tools is described and the similarities and differences among the results obtained from these tools have been mentioned, as found from the diagnostics. Various theories namely Freuds personality theory and Eysencks personality theory have been also highlighted. Moreover, the differences among the various test results have also been highlighted in this essay. Some of the areas that need improvements have also been identified in this essay and recommendation has been provided to improve those skills and enhance effective communication. Analysis of tools Big five personality traits: One of the most important tools for personality test is Big five personality trait. This model has five factors on basis of which the personality of a person is analysed. These five factors include openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. Openness to experience refers to the appreciation of emotions and arts. This is also described as the extent to which a person is imaginative. This is an essential factor for determining the personality of an individual (Vecchione et al., 2016). Conscientiousness is referred to as the tendency of a person to be dependable and act dutiful. This nature of a person is a determining factor of a persons personality traits. The positive energy in a person, including positive emotion and sociability is tested using the Big five personality traits tool. Agreeableness refers to the qualities such as compassion and cooperative nature of a person, and determines the positive side of pe rsonality (Vecchione et al., 2016). Neuroticism is the way a person experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety and pain. It is important that a person deals with the negative emotions without being aggressive. Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI): The Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI) is an introspective self report that is used for personality assessment. This is one of the most famous personality assessment tools that are used (Kim Lee, 2016). The various precepts that is used in MBTI are extraversion or introversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, judging or perceiving. Using this assessment tool, sixteen types of personalities could be found. These are some of the essential qualities that determine the personality of a person. Since, MBTI approaches these qualities; hence the test results obtained from MBTI are reliable enough. Emotional intelligence personality test: This is an interactive personality test tool that is used to assess the personality of an individual. Emotional intelligence test judges individuals how they handle emotions. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability of a person to understand the emotions of himself as well as other people (Druskat, Mount Sala, 2013). Emotional intelligence is as essential quality of a person and has a significant effect on the personality of an individual. This tool focuses on the various qualities such as self-awareness, management of emotions and motivation of oneself. Empathy and social skills are also judged in this personality test (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2013). Self awareness is an essential quality that makes a person aware of oneself. Management of emotions are also tested by this tool. Management of positive as well as negative emotions are essential and overflow of emotions affect effective communication negatively. Social style: This is an assessment tool that assesses the personality of a person on two parameters, namely assertiveness and responsiveness (Muir et al. 2015). Assertiveness in a person refers to the confidence that is portrayed by the person. Responsiveness refers to the rapidity of response that is given by a person in any situation, or how fast the person reacts. All of the above mentioned tools are personality assessment tools. However, each of the tools focuses on different aspects of an individuals personality. The Big Five personalities traits vary from MBTI to a significant extend. The tool MBTI divides the people into types; whereas the Big Five divides the people into traits. In case of MBTI, all data collected by assessment points to the fact that traits are dimensional. However, it cannot produce typological data. MBTI assessment tool is usually used in assessing the personality of people associated with education or business. Big Five assessment tool dominates in academic research. The Big Five model is a scientific model and relies on science rather than intuition. The various theories of personality traits are as follow: Freuds three level of awareness: According to this theory, there are three levels of consciousness. These are the conscious mind, unconscious mind and the preconscious mind. Along with this, the theory also suggests that personality is composed of the id, the ego and the super ego (Allen, 2015). The results that are obtained from the four personality assessment tools vary, since each person is dominated by each of these three traits separately. Another distinguished theory of personality is the Eysencks personality theory. This theory identifies three dimensions of the personality of human beings. These are extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism (Crain, 2015). According to this theory, the two dimensions of neuroticism namely stable versus unstable and introversion-extroversion could be combined to form various personality traits. The personality traits obtained in Big Five personality tool are formed using this theory. Using the personality assessment tools it has been observed that one of the weaknesses found from the result of all of the tools is lack of active listening. The results obtained from each of the four tools were found to differ from each other. While the results of MBTI highlight that the person relies on sensing and judging, the Big 5 personality test highlights that the person is extrovert. However, though the person is portrayed as extrovert, the emotional intelligence shows that the social skills of the person are low. Thus, the test results vary to a great extent. Strategies Listening and effective listening has a huge difference. As revealed by the assessment tools, it has been observed that in extrovert personality trait, active listening in hardly done. This kind of personality listens to reply promptly. Hence, as a result, some of the communication is often misunderstood by people with extrovert personality trait. In order to mitigate this weakness, active listening has to be practiced regularly (Schultz Schultz, 2016). Active listening includes observation of the verbal and non-verbal communication of the speaker, along with understanding the actual meaning of what the speaker has to say. Effective communication includes active listening; hence it needs to be practiced. Self consciousness and staying in conscious mind has to be practiced as well. Out of the three levels of consciousness as described in Freuds theory of personality, staying in conscious mind has to be ensured to incorporate active listening (Muir et al. 2015). The overall communicat ion could be improved by incorporating the principles of effective communication. The principles include being courteous to each other while communication. Correctness of the information being exchanged has to be maintained. The communication needs to be conscious and clarity in communication should be maintained. These practices would ensure enhancement of communication. Moreover, adequate importance needs to be given to the gestures, body language and facial expression. These form an integral part of active listening and effective communication (Crain, 2015). The negative personality traits such as aggression, anger, ego needs to be eliminated, while communicating. These might be useful in ensuring positive and effective communication. Moreover, it is important to avoid overflow of emotions in communication. Emotions such as pain or happiness should not dominate the process of communication. Conclusion This essay focuses on four most important personality assessment tools namely the Big Five assessment tool, MBTI, emotional intelligence as well as social style, it has been observed that the person is extrovert and is open to experience. In order to mitigate the issue of lack of effective listening, active listening and effective communication needs to be incorporated while communicating with each other. From the personality test result, of the various tools, the test results have been seen to differ from each other. In the Big 5 personality test, it has been observed that the candidate is open to experience new things. Moreover, the person is conscientious and is extraversion. However, the agreeableness of the person is comparatively high. However, in MBTI, the candidate relies on sensing as well as feeling. The person is also judgemental in nature. In the emotional intelligence tool, self awareness and empathy are the main characteristics of the person. However, the social skills are quiet low. Thus, some of the personality tests are contradictory in the results obtained from two or more tools. The social style personality tool highlights that the candidates nature is assertive. This means that the person is confident and has a strong personality. The focus of this assignment and the personality tests were to highlight the personality of the person and identify the areas where the person needs to improve to enhance the process of communication. References Allen, B. P. (2015).Personality theories: Development, growth, and diversity. Psychology Press. Crain, W. (2015).Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Psychology Press. Druskat, V. U., Mount, G., Sala, F. (2013).Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups. Psychology Press. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013).Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Kim, H. E., Lee, S. E. (2016). Childcare Teachers Educational Beliefs and Self-efficacy according to Psychological Preferences of the MBTI Test.Korean Journal of Childcare and Education,12(1), 171-185. Muir, K., Joinson, A., Cotterill, R., Dewdney, N. (2015). Power and personality in linguistic style accommodation. Schultz, D. P., Schultz, S. E. (2016).Theories of personality. Cengage Learning. Vecchione, M., Dentale, F., Alessandri, G., Imbesi, M. T., Barbaranelli, C., Schnabel, K. (2016). On the Applicability of the Big Five Implicit Association Test in Organizational Settings.Current Psychology, 1-10.

LEADERSHIP STYLES Essays - Films, Remember The Titans, Sports

LEADERSHIP STYLES: Remember the Titans have different leadership styles. Both the leaders in the movie try to motivate the players in their own ways. A good leader motivates others to develop qualities and train them to do better. This movie shows how Coaches and team players showed their leadership qualities, strengths as a leader. The contribution of each player helped to achieve in their victory. The players forget their racism differences and played as a team. During the football match on the field, no blacks and whites were differentiated and they played all as one. My First leader is Herman Boone. He had a dictative leadership style. Boone believed that through cooperation of the entire team will lead to a win. He also believed that each player has to understand each other culture. He had a very clear vision as how to succeed with the team and how to have a strong team to work hard with full determination and courage. He also had transactional lead where he punishes the players if they were doing something wrong directly or indirectly which helped him to control the team through his powers. He knew very well that players had loved for the football game and he had faith in his players that's they will definitely going to win the game if every player corporate. He had a good leadership quality as he approached Yoast to be his assistance coach. He wanted to have a strong team and win. His team to be successful he had to ensure that all the team members work together and respect each other. It was important for the team to work hard and be committed at all the times. Through his power he was able to have a transactional lead and whenever the players were wrong he punishes them and he had the control over them to improve and bring a standard in the team. He knew very well that the players had loved for the football game and he can make the team to work together and used their love as a motivator to make sure they cooperate and they don't fight with each other as far as racist is concerned. My Second leader in Remember the Titans is Coach Bill Yoast. Coach Yoast used democratic leadership styles. Coach Yoast, meet students personally. He discuss the issues and personally try to solve the problem rather than in front of other team members. In Remember the Titans Coach Yoast display his qualities in such a way that he handled each difficult situation with ease. He used to keep his players cool so that he can have control over them and he can help them individually if need arises. He was a calm Coach. He was not that strict and straight forward as Coach Boone as a leader. Effectiveness as a leader Team members respected him a lot since he was able to bring all players together with different race through pairing black and white players together. He had confident and courage through which he was able to make his team win. Coach Boone was a effective leader he was just like a leader who is born with so more powerful in his words. He was a effective leader with confident and courage through which his team won. He was independently and stubbornly as often see in the movie which wins the victory. He was very much concerned with the players and how they feel. He had strengthen, confidence, enthusiasm and unity of player. Type of power Coach Boone held expert power which is "power that results from leader's special knowledge or skill regarding tasks performed by followers"(Daft,2008). He was a true expert of football with superior knowledge of coaching the team. He had full control over his team. He also held referent power since he had ability to convey a sense of personal acceptance. Coach Boone highly influences his team member through his strength. How he used his power He used his power in a good way but sometimes he was so hard on players during training period. But through his tough training and strict on players he was able to make his team win. He used his power as Head coach to achieve his goals and to promote interracial

Alzheimer’s disease Essays

Alzheimer’s disease Essays Alzheimer’s disease Essay Alzheimer’s disease Essay This specific instance is about Eli Lilly developing a new drug which is said to cure Alzheimer’s disease. However, when patients started taking the drug, their condition even regressed. Moreover, they risked developing skin cancer. Although there are various aspects involved here, the problem that this paper will address is that of ethical practices. Lilly obviously conducted laboratory tests which proved successful. When they tested the drug in real people with Alzheimer’s, they realized that it’s not working and it’s even contributing to a worse case of Alzheimer’s. But what could have been done in order to prevent this type of scenario? The next question here is, to what degree must human testing be done in order to serve the common good? Given that the experiment was successful, the next the Lilly will do is to mass produce and manufacture this drug and sell it to people with Alzheimer’s. But now that it turned wrong, were the experiment participants insured before the experimentation began? Should the experts considered stopping the experimentation when the first few symptoms of regression appeared? Lilly is a global pharmaceutical plant leading in most researches to discover new medications for various types of disease. However, in this particular experimentation procedure, pharmaceutical ethics were not applied. There could be a â€Å"greater good† which needs to be attained- even though it means sacrificing other people to do so. Anyway, since the experimentation was not successful and Lilly expressed that it will not continue the research on this drug anymore, then goals were not met. There was no wonder Alzhemier’s drug that was created and it even caused more suffering both to the Alzheimer’s patients who tested the medication and their family. Bibliography Kolata, G. (2010, August 18). Doubt on Tactic in Alzheimer’s Battle. Retrieved August 21, 2010, from nytimes. com/2010/08/19/health/19alzheimers. html? _r=1ref=health Appendix A Doubt on Tactic in Alzheimer’s Battle By GINA KOLATA Published: August 18, 2010 The failure of a promising Alzheimer’s drug in clinical trials highlights the gap between diagnosis - where real progress has recently been made - and treatment of the disease. It was not just that the drug, made by Eli Lilly, did not work - maybe that could be explained by saying the patients’ illness was too far advanced when they received it. It was that the drug actually made them worse, the company said. And the larger the dose they took, the worse were patients’ symptoms of memory loss and inability to care for themselves. Not only that, the drug also increased the risk of skin cancer. So when Lilly announced on Tuesday that it was ending its large clinical trials of that drug, semagacestat, researchers were dismayed. â€Å"Obviously, this is disappointing news, to say the least,† said Dr. Steven Paul, an Alzheimer’s researcher and a recently retired executive vice president at Lilly. Beyond the setback for Lilly, the study raises questions about a leading hypothesis of the cause of Alzheimer’s and how to treat it. The idea, known as the amyloid hypothesis, says the disease occurs when a toxic protein, beta amyloid, accumulates in the brain. The idea is that if beta amyloid levels are reduced, the disease might be slowed, halted or even prevented if treatment starts early enough. The Lilly drug, like most of the more than 100 Alzheimer’s drugs under development, blocks an enzyme, gamma secretase, needed to make beta amyloid. It was among the first shown to breach the blood-brain barrier and reduce levels of beta amyloid in the brain. And, company studies showed, it did reduce amyloid production. â€Å"We did get enough in the brain to have an effect,† said Dr. Eric Siemers, medical director of Lilly’s Alzheimer’s disease team. â€Å"Unfortunately, the effect was not what we wanted. † Now researchers are focused on what went wrong, and why. Some, like Dr. Lon Schneider, an Alzheimer’s researcher at the University of Southern California, say the drug’s failure may mean the field is rushing off a cliff in its near single-minded focus on blocking the production of amyloid. Dr. Schneider, like most leading Alzheimer’s researchers, consults for a number of drug companies, including Lilly. The Lilly study’s failure, he said, â€Å"chips away at that approach to testing the amyloid hypothesis. † â€Å"We don’t know what the drug targets for Alzheimer’s disease are,† Dr. Schneider said. â€Å"We don’t know because we don’t know the causes of Alzheimer’s. † At the very least, said Dr. P. Murali Doraiswamy, an Alzheimer’s researcher at Duke University, the Lilly result â€Å"clearly tells us that our current views may be too simplistic. † Dr. Doraiswamy said he was not abandoning the amyloid hypothesis. But, he said, â€Å"this is a time of major soul-searching in the field. † â€Å"What worries me is that we don’t know if this was a toxicity unique to Lilly’s drug and this late-stage population or whether it also applies to similar anti-amyloid therapies given at earlier stages of the disease,† Dr. Doraiswamy said. The bad news came on the heels of what researchers see as a resurgence of hope in this challenging field. With new cooperation in research they have made advances in diagnosing Alzheimer’s, a disease that used to be uncertain until autopsy. And those new diagnostic tests are still exciting, researchers said. PET scans of amyloid plaques in the brain and tests of cerebrospinal fluid can show amyloid accumulation long before people have symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and, as recently reported, appear to identify people at high risk of the disease. Researchers believe the best time to try to alter the course of the disease is before memory loss. By then, brain cells are dead or dying and are unlikely to be restored. At this point, though, when there is no treatment, those tests are primarily a benefit for companies testing new therapies and researchers trying to understand the disease’s progress. . The long journey of semagacestat began more than a decade ago when Lilly scientists discovered it could block gamma secretase in laboratory experiments. Years of work followed, showing it appeared safe, that it got into the brains of people, that it reduced the production of amyloid in the brain. Finally, in 2008, Lilly began two large studies of semagacestat, enrolling more than 2,600 people with Alzheimer’s disease. The company did not expect its drug to reverse the disease - patients’ brains were too ravaged for that, said Richard Mohs, Lilly’s team leader in Alzheimer’s research. But it did hope to slow the disease’s progression. Now, with the abrupt end of the studies, patients will continue to be followed but no one will be taking any more of the drug. â€Å"The fact that people got worse means there is biology we don’t understand,† Dr. Mohs said. There are several possible explanations. One is that the drug altered the functioning of other proteins in the brain and body - it now appears that gamma secretase is involved in the production of about 20 proteins in addition to beta amyloid. Companies, including Lilly, are developing drugs that block gamma secretase from making amyloid but have little effect on other proteins. One company, Bristol-Myers Squibb, says that is what its drug does. Its drug is now being tested in two clinical trials. In one, the participants have Alzheimer’s. In the other, they have lesser memory impairment and have brain amyloid PET scans and tests of cerebrospinal fluid showing amyloid is accumulating in their brains, indicating that they are likely to develop Alzheimer’s. â€Å"We still like the amyloid hypothesis,† said Charlie Albright, a Bristol-Myers group director in neuroscience biology. The Lilly drug failure â€Å"doesn’t affect our enthusiasm about going forward. † Another possibility is that the enzyme is decreasing production not just of a dangerous form of amyloid, known as a beta 42, but also of another form, a beta 40, that may protect the brain. Companies are developing so-called selective gamma secretase inhibitors, Dr. Paul said, which only block the production of a beta 42. Lilly and other companies are also testing monoclonal antibodies to reduce amyloid levels. And companies are pursuing a more difficult target - blocking a protein, tau, that accumulates in dead and dying nerve cells after the disease is under way. But Alzheimer’s experts worry about the future. The research is extremely expensive - Lilly spent hundreds of millions of dollars on its failed drug - and it can take a decade or more to know if a drug works. It can take even longer if drugs are tested in people with mild symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease or in people who are at high risk but have no symptoms yet - a direction many think is necessary to really make a difference. â€Å"Failures certainly don’t build energy and enthusiasm,† said Dr. Samuel Gandy, an Alzheimer’s researcher at Mount Sinai Medical Center. â€Å"The market is still there, but failures do take their toll. † A version of this news analysis appeared in print on August 19, 2010, on page A14 of the New York edition.

Victorian women Essays

Victorian women Essays Victorian women Essay Victorian women Essay Like most Victorian women they were well dressed. They wore long dresses with veils. Most Victorian women were not very strong so they needed people like Sherlock Holmes to depend upon because he was strong and safe.  Many Victorian did not have control over their own lives. In The Speckled Band Helen Stoner had to ask permission off her stepfather is she could marry. She came from a very rich family but she did not have any money and would have none until she was married. Helen Stoner was not allowed to go out and have a social life without Dr Roylet, like when she went to Sherlock Holmes Dr Roylet follows her to find out what she is doing. Victorian woman often had to cover up for men like in The Speckled Band where Sherlock Holmes spotted the bruises on her arms. She said that she had had an accident, but he knew that Dr Roylet had done this to her. When Dr Roylet killed his butler Helen tells no one because she knew that if she did he would have beaten her up or even killed her. All she does is collect money and pays the butlers family.  Overall the Victorian women had no independence, money or life so it was not all that good for them. In Sherlock Holmes stories the settings gave a very accurate description about Victorian times. The Twisted Lip is set in London in a street called Swandom Lane. Swandom Lane is a very dirty, rough and smelly place. The main part of the storey was located in an Opium Den, and either side of it was a Sex Shop and Off Licence, but in The Speckled Band the setting was set in a very different place. It was placed in the Wealthy Outskirts. This was out in the Countryside where it was very quiet and peaceful. There were lots of wealthy Victorians living in big houses. These two books show two very different places in Victorian times.  In the Victorian times Britain was a ruler of a huge empire. This is shown in a range of references as in The Twisted Lip there was a Lascar, which is an Indian Seaman, working in an Opium Den in England and in The Speckled Band you have Dr Roylet living in India and working as a Doctor.  The transport in Victorian times was very different to nowadays. In The Twisted Lip Mrs St Clair visited Sherlock Holmes in a Hansom Cab and in The Speckled Band Sherlock Holmes and Watson rode in a Dog Cart, unlike nowadays when people travel about in motor vehicles. In the Speckled Band Helen Stoner travelled to see Sherlock Holmes by train. Trains were one of the most common modes of transport in that time, like they still are today.  In conclusion these stories tell us a lot about what the Victorians believed in and what they thought the ideal Victorian Man was ie Sherlock Holmes. Also what they thought a real villain was like. These stories give a clear view about what London was like in Victorian times.

Psychopharmacology and the Mental Health Counselor Assignment

Psychopharmacology and the Mental Health Counselor - Assignment Example Thus, most of these conditions can be treated with a variety of behavioral and cognitive therapy techniques, but what happens when a patient comes in and has a psychological condition that is based off a chemical imbalance in the brain. This requires the use of psychopharmacology to regulate the chemical imbalance in order to change the abnormal behavior. Most counselors do not have the appropriate knowledge to know the entire effects of drugs on their patients. According to Buelow, Hebert, and Buelow (2000), many counselors do not have enough knowledge in the area of psychopharmacology to adequately provide medication for patients. Juxtaposed, many treatment models now incorporate a hybrid technique dealing with both therapy and the use of pharmaceuticals. The counselor should also be aware of the patient’s wishes when talking about drug therapy. It is recommended that the counselors become sensitive to the patient’s feelings regarding pharmacotherapy, the patient†™s previous experience with the negative side effects of drugs, nonadherance of the patient to the set regiment and the patient’s use of drugs and alcohol (Meyer & Simon 1999b). Client education of the drugs used in practice is also important. The first priority is determining whether the illness requires the use of medication or not.

Integral Quantity Data types Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integral Quantity Data types - Essay Example Yes, we can represent integers bigger than what int allows. Basically, integers have limit up to 2,147,483,647, and if we want to show number greater than this we have two options. We can use long or BigInteger. In this scenario, the limit for long is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807. For storing space and increasing the time of execution of program Java provides two data types (TutorialPoints, 2014; Oracle Corporation, 2014). Yes, for representing arbitrarily large integers we can use two other options: BigInteger and BigDecimal. However, it is not default because we write small programs in which our integer values can easily store and take less space. Hence, if BigDecimal or BigInteger becomes default it will require more space and the program execution will require additional time. Due to this reason there is not a single representation of integral quantities (TutorialPoints, 2014; Oracle Corporation,

Role and Advantages of International and Home Trade Coursework

Role and Advantages of International and Home Trade - Coursework Example Commerce includes all those activities, which are connected with trade and auxiliaries to trade such as transport, warehousing, insurance, and banking and finance.   The trade involves buying and selling of goods and its purpose is to bridge the gap between persons, i.e. the producers and the consumers can concentrate on their own occupations and at the same time buy goods to satisfy their consumption needs. The farmers can both enjoy each other’s products with the help of traders. For example, there are different types of cotton; jute, hides, and skins are supplies to the producers of cotton textiles, gunny bags and shoes respectively. At the same time manufactured goods, which have been produced with the raw materials, are supplied to the consumers. Producers buy raw materials, machinery and equipment, as well as stores and spare parts for machinery fro trading agencies and consumers, buy practically all articles required for their daily use from traders.Goods are produced on a large scale in anticipation of demand.   The markets for products are now spread over the length and breadth of the country and even extended to countries acro ss the international borders. Hence direct sale of goods by the producers to the consumers is not possible. Without the help of traders and merchants engaged in trade, it would be impossible for the system of large-scale production to continue. The trader involved in the actual operation of purchasing goods from producers and selling them to consumers. Traders and consumers are interdependent.