Effectiveness of Communication in an Organizational Environment Essay

Effectiveness of intercourse in an Organizational Environment - Essay ExampleThe opposite group was allowed to ask questions and certify its have views regarding the predilection presented by the other group. I was also a part of one of the groups. Observation ab initio the instructor explained the theoretical concepts of the topic to us. We were told roughly the factor that add to the effectiveness of inter-personal confabulation which included completeness, conciseness, concreteness and clarity. Afterwards, we were told about the factors that could cause hindrance in the process of communication. The hindrances included physical noise present in the milieu of the place where communication takes place, psychological noise that keeps a person from processing the information being communication due to a distraction or emotional situation and the difference between the social and schoolman background of the individuals communicating. After the explanation of the theoretical c oncepts, we were told about trustworthy real life scenarios that occur in organizations and about the flow of communication in the organizations. We were told that the hierarchical structures of organizations impair the free flow of communication in organizations and they cause delay in the delivery of information. ... wed in this scenario is that, the subordinate will communicate to his theater director who will communicate the information to the relevant person in line with his position in the respective(prenominal) department and then the information would finally be communicated to the concerned individual. In this extensive flow, sometimes certain essential facts are lost from the information and a distorted version of the message is delivered. After the teacher was satisfied that both the groups had understood enough concepts to come up with ideas, the discussion started and each group was told to present an idea to improve the flow of communication in an organization along with sufficient justification. The members of both the groups started enumeration out the ideas among themselves. In my group, only a couple of students were taking part actively. One of them said that organizations should learn hierarchical structures and adopt a flat structure. Another group member said that this idea was visionary and organizations will not be able to adopt a completely flat structure. He cognizant that the organizations should introduce such a policy that allows all the employees to communicate to every person at any level of the organization without going through a specified channel. He also added that an open admission policy could be an example of such a policy. Other group members nodded at this idea and this showed that they preferred this idea over the idea presented before. However the group member who presented the first idea held the view that this idea was not that effective as the flow of communication in an organization cannot be brought unless a dramatic change is not made in the authorities and responsibilities of the personnel of the organization. Other group members weighed the pros and cons of

Art history comparison of two works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art history comparison of cardinal works - Essay ExampleRiver in the Catskills captures the effects of industrialization which was slowly but surely make its presence felt even in the bucolic landscape of the Catskill Mountains. Albert Bierstadts The Buffalo Trail retains some(prenominal) of the landscape without depicting any interference of current life. Coles work is in contrast from his earlier work, and hither we see there are no large trees to frame the picture and thus what we get is an turn over landscape.In the middle distance finish be seen a locomotive engine and some stun cars. In the fore scope potful be seen a man looking out at these modern contraptions, while beside him can be seen trees which have been cut down. Bierstadts exposure, on the different hand, binds the attention of the stunner by the tall trees in the foreground and the beginnings of a storm which just may unleash itself at any moment.The two paintings differ from each other most pointedly in the use of color. Coles painting uses a large number of colors from the palette, while Bierstadts landscape is made up of tiresome colors, the emphasis being on the grays and browns. In Coles work there is no large tree, while the other painting shows the grandeur of nature, both by incorporating the big trees as well as the herd of buffaloes crossing the river.Thomas Coles River in the Catskills has confounded scholars because it does not readily fall into an established year of landscape painting (Wallach, Alan, June2002) but there is no doubt that it is a pastoral scene where we can see the distress of the workman at the encroachment of modernity. This painting is also more realistic, since we see the artist bringing in the idea of change that will necessarily follow whenever inventions begin to coexist in this pastoral scene.Bierstadts landscape is on the other hand a work in which we can see how the painter has given us an illusion of space. He achieves this by keeping the middle ground and background clear of unnecessary details and in

Dominican Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

friar preacher Republic - Essay ExampleSuch spread out-and-take includes stories portraying the negativity of Haitians and their misfortunate way of life. This negative depiction of Haitians plays a major role in instilling antihaitinismo among the friar preacher people. Haitis politics is portrayed as bad and viewed as a political failure by the Dominican press. All the media wants is negative news about Haiti so as to make great headlines and, as a result, make money by attracting many readers. Political cartoons are very common in soft touch media and are used to give news that are hard to spread in words. Such news is greatly exaggerated to come up with cartoons that will be attractive enough for news consumers among the Dominican People. The negative news portraying antihaitinismo in the Dominican Republic is mostly false, but due to the media childbed within the Dominican Republic, the Dominican people tend to believe it to be true. In fact, very some Dominican reporters know the truth about Haiti. The rest only give news based on secondary sources, rather than firsthand experience or sources. None of them has been to Haiti to experience their way of life and to give a true account of it (Sagas, 2003).During the Trujillo error, antihaitinismo was an ideology, fitting the totalitarian model. The dictatorship required and ideology to dwell on, and on which to misguide the people and into hating the Haitians. The Trujillo error molded antihaitinismo into a system that was to be loathed. It was depicted as having a very great difference with Dominican ways. This propaganda against Haiti was instilled into Dominicans for decades, around thirty-one years.It means that, some people were born(p) among the Dominican people when the propaganda was still on and lived a great part of their lives under a dictatorship that instilled it into them.It created a nation that had fully embraced antihaitinismo. Such a generation becomes hard to modify their mindset or view towards

Stratification by Gender and Agege Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stratification by Gender and Agege - Essay ExampleTo make this discipline mildew, theory-based frameworks in the form of theories are used to explain and analyze social actions, structures and various social processes. These theories guardianship in organizing social research. It is imperative to realize the significance of these theories not only to develop a constructive attitude towards life and society but also to modulate the situation so as to make sense meaning to it in a cognitive and overall holistic develop handst (Schaefer, R, fifth Ed).Sociological theories explaining social social stratification by gender and age are based on theoretical assumptions encompassing positivism, materialism, idealism, determinism, individualism and supererogatory will (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). They provide an attitude towards critical thinking that includes rationality, logic, objectivity and knowledge (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). It is an demand tool used by scholars to analyze the society and therefore these are interdisciplinary, drawing ideas from and contributing to various disciplines of human endeavor (Stark, 2007).Gender responsibilities require proper behavior, attitudes and activities of both males and females in the society. The social theories defining stratification by gender signify women as an oppressed majority group and must be feminine, soft, emotional, attractive and submissive while boys or males must be masculine, aggressive in temperament, tough, daring and dominant (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). ... Women perform the roles of organism expressive and emotionally supportive while men take the role of being instrumental and practical (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). According to the conflict response of the sociological theory there is no parallel power relationship between men and women. Women are always considered as the weaker gender and men have a dominant position over women. This difference is due to suppression of women by men (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed).According to the feminist perspective, in capitalist societies, wo mens subordination in injustice and exploitation is predominate. This has gained curtilage with the rise in private property during industrialization (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). The dominance of men is also seen in the interaction theory which states that men are more likely to change topics of conversation or quite an ignore topics chosen by women. The theory further states that if the idea is given by a women consequently it doesnt gain much appreciation rather women are always interrupted (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed).The stratification by gender also brings focus on the ideology of sexism which states that one sex (male) is superior to other (female). It also encompass discrimination and male prejudice leading to sexual harassment. Sexual harassment also involves work benefits, favors, touching, lewd comments and thereby creating hostile environment (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed).This stratification is prevalent all over the conception and therefore women remain in second-class position in major part of the world curiously in the developing countries and are exploited for labor (Schaefer, R, 5th Ed). The gender stratification is also prevalent in developed nations like US but still is underrepresented in occupations defined as mens jobs which keep

People Organization Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

People constitution Management - Essay ExampleA service industry is engaged in the production of manifest or intangible services that be of value to consumers as a final product.Work is all activity that an item-by-item engages in on behalf of another individual or placement, with the purposes of accomplishing that activity or toil within the set time frame to get a reward. The reward may be in the form of money or recognition.Managers are individuals entitled to make decision on how an organization operates. These individuals are in charge of the organization as a whole. On the other hand, the work of a supervisory program is to basically ensure that the employees perform their duties as required by the managers. The supervisor is only responsible for the employees he supervises, not for the whole organizationPolitical environment impacts heavily on every business organization, no matter its size or area of operation. Political factors impacts on an organization notwithstandi ng the fact that the organization may be domestic, national, or international. First, a government can restrict or control an organizations activities by offering support and encouraging, or by restricting, banning, or discouraging its activities. Secondly, due to political factors, a companys traffic licence may be withdrawn by the government thereby effectively curtailing its operations in a given country. 6. Give two examples of how the record of work was affected by the so-called industrial Revolution.Industrial revolution happened when there was an extensive replacement of manual work by machines. It began in Britain in the 18th century. First, agricultural economies were transformed into industrial ones. Man used to dig and plant the farms manually, but this was replaced by machines following the industrial revolution. Secondly, goods that were traditionally been produced from home in small quantities started to be mass-produced in factories in large quantities. The industri al revolution changed the nature of production. Also, to increase efficiency, large groups of enterprises would occupy a limited area. The nature of work was affected in that people started to move from rural areas into urban areas in search of work. 7. let off what Goldthorpe et al (1968) meant by their classification of an instrumental orientation to work.This is where people are faced with a dilemma of having to take on between work that give an individual variety, relative autonomy, and scope for initiative, and work which for any talent level, affords the individual the uppermost going rate for economic return. 8. What would you expect to happen to the wage rates of a token occupation for whose services demand increased in the labour marketThe wage rate is expected to go up to reflect the increased demand of the services in the labour mar

DISCUSSION AND REPLY TO A DISCUSSION( 4th year Nursing course) Essay - 1

DISCUSSION AND REPLY TO A DISCUSSION( 4th year Nursing course) - Essay ExampleThe term also attempts to determine the extent to which formal FPDR policies exist in hospitals, and the level of awareness among the nurses there. Thus, the article has a great utility to the practicing nurses as it explicates salient issues about the practice of FPDR identified by nurses who responded to the qualitative fate of the survey. The conclusions of the study have great implications for the practice of nurses who experience family presence during resuscitation. The practice of FPDR impacts both family members and members of the resuscitation team. Nurses weigh these impacts when considering whether or not to bring family members to the bedside. (McClement, Fallis, and Pereira, 2009). According to the findings of the study, the majority of critical care nurses support FPDR which suggests that the formal policies in hospitals to drive this process. Therefore, the article provides illumining insi ghts into the nurses perspective in regards to the presence of family members during resuscitation and it also deals with benefits and risks of FPDR for family members and health care professionals.

Young Australians & the U.N Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Young Australians & the U.N - Essay ExampleI know my input sack help shape the community and make a difference to other young people. Being a Committee fellow member volition give the separate a valuable opportunity to build their adroitness base by gaining leadership experience, an in-depth knowledge of the younker sector, and build networks within the business and community sector. (Adam Smith, lieutenant Chair of The Foundation for Young Australians).Also United Nations juvenility Associations of Australia is a significant voice for the younker of Australia. They play an important role in the education of every youth as each individual is looked upon as the next leader of the country. Youth speak are between the age group of 12 to 25years.Ben Groom the elected Australian youth representative to the United Nations Spent five months traveling close to Australia and collecting issues to be represented at the UN. The Australian Youth deterrent example to the United Nations i s a member of the Australian Delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in New York. Once selected, the Youth Representative has the challenging but amazing task of consulting with a substantial proportion of Australias youth population. The patient of goal of the consultation phase is to equip the Youth Representative with a comprehensive mandate of youth representation that may be outside the normal scope of their experiences as a young person. This will assist greatly in the preparation of the Youth Representatives address to the General Assembly. (Australian Youth Representative to UN, 2007)Ben Groom is the 2007 Australian youth Representative to the UN. On 9th October Ben addressed the UN and the issues represented were due to lean rains many were facing drought. Young people are the most effective agents of salmagundi. The world can rein in this energy by strengthening the role of education and training in global climate change solutions. Australian youth have alread y proven we can

Understanding The Periodic Table Research Paper

Understanding The Periodic Table - Research Paper ExampleAll matter is make up of very small particles called atoms. They ar small, indivisible particles that preservenot be seen by the naked eye. With the advancement of technology, atoms can now be viewed through scanning microscopes (Genesis, n.d.). Protons, electrons and neutrons are the particles that can be found in an atom. Protons are positively charged particles, while the electron is negatively charged. Neutrons are uncharged particles (Genesis, n.d.). The mass of the atom is metrical from the mass of the proton and neutron, and they are located at the center of the atom clumping together and called the nucleus. Protons weigh approximately 1.67 x 10-24 grams or 1 atomic mass whole (amu) and the neutron also weighs 1 atomic mass unit (Interactives, n.d.). As mentioned earlier, all elements are made up of atoms. The similarity of the elements and their differences are also characterized by the properties of the atoms. cycl icityDmitri Mendeleev was the scientist who created the periodic table of elements. In 1868, he arranged the different known elements during his time in put in of their mass. That time, there were only sixty elements, so it was not so difficult. He observed that there was a pattern of similarity in characteristics on the arranged elements. This pattern was referred to as periodicity. In 1913, a scientist named total heat Moseley rearranged Mendeleevs table in order of the atomic anatomy. ... The clam ups in the periodic table have the atomic symbol at the center of each encumber, usually in capitalized, larger, bold-faced fonts. The atomic symbol stands for the first garner of the English name of the element, or sometimes, its Latin name. If there are two letters, meaning there is already an existing element with the symbol of only the first letter, the second letter is already written in small case. Figure 2 shows a typical block of a periodic table. Figure 2. A Typical Block in the Periodic Table of Elements (Source science.howstuffworks.com) Periodic tables have different designs in cost of the location of the information and the type of information placed on each block. Usually, they have an example of the block to identify the parts of the block, and legends to identify the metals, non-metals and transition metals. Colorful periodic tables are much easier to understand since the colour in also serve as legends making it easier to identify the elements. The atomic symbol of gold, Au, is from its Latin name Aurium. The number at the upper center of the block is the atomic number, which is representative of the number of protons of an element (Genesis, n.d.). In this case, 79 is the atomic number of gold, which means that the element has 79 protons. The number at the lower center of the block is the atomic mass of gold. Some periodic tables also include other physical properties in the blocks much(prenominal) as the elements specific gravity and mel ting point. Again, these can be identified utilize the sample diagram of the blocks in the periodic table. Groups and Periods Figure 3 is a simple representation of the young periodic table of elements. As can be seen, the elements are

Environmental Audit (Data Response) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Audit (Data Response) - Essay ExampleTogether, these three indicators or drivers should adequately slacken off an investor a cle ber idea about the feasibility of any economic investment in that country. Against this background, the three recognise economic drivers are discussed as follows. Tax indemnity of Portugal The payment of measurees is mandatory as an economic indemnity in almost all economies of the world. Taxes are targeted at all groups of persons living in a country, who support an earning. The tax situation is no different in Portugal. There exist two major strains of taxes in Portugal. These two major forms of taxes in Portugal are individual tax and incorporate tax (Abednego, 2003). Individual tax taxes are those that are paid by earning or income making citizens and foreigners. In this direction, the Investor Glossary (2011) explains that An individual tax return is used to determine a persons personal income tax liability. On the contrary, corp orate tax may best be referred to as business tax because it is paid by people in business. It is the physique of tax that is paid by companies, organizations and institutions. Corporate taxes are generally higher than individual taxes because corporate entities are profit making bodies are believed to be earning more than individuals. Any of the two forms of taxes affect businesses and by address the attach to wishing to enter Portugal. This not withstanding, the tax environment in Portugal is one that can be described not to be too hostile especially in comparison with what exists in separate countries. In Portugal, individual taxes come in different forms as far as the executives in the company seeking to enter are going to make income they are likely to pay one form of individual tax or the other. The AngloINFO Lisbon (2011) explains that individual taxes paid in Portugal include taxes on salaries, detonator gains and real estate income. On the broader scene, there is a 25 % individual tax paid on earnings even though income derived from real estate is subject to a tax rate of 15 percent (AngloINFO Lisbon, 2011). The corporate tax payment regime that exists in portugal presently is not as salaried as it used to be before the coming of the European Union and OECD. This is because before these era, Lowtax (2011) observes that Portugal used to propose a number of special corporate income tax regimes by which businesses either paid reduced corporate income tax rates, were exempted from certain taxes altogether or were able to artificially inflate tax deductible allowances so as to reduce taxable profits. Today, these tax incentives do not exist any longer. There is heretofore other prudent measures taken by the government to ensure that the payment of taxes does not become a burden unto foreign investors. On the whole, there is 25% + a municipal surcharge (up to 1.5% of the taxable income) rough-and-ready rate 26.5% for foreign companies and taxes are exclusively on income made only in Portugal (Emporiki Bank, 2011). Regulatory Policy of Portugal Regulatory policy refers to the kind of rules, regulations and laws that binds businesses and corporate entities that which to establish themselves in Portugal. Contrary to the ascertion that regulatory policies are in place to sabotage the

Cost eficiency of Opaque Network System, Transient Network System and Research Paper

Cost eficiency of Opaque profit System, Transient Network System and Translucent mesh topology system of Mesh Optical Network System - Research writing ExampleHowever, service providers require low terms interlocking to optimize profit. This paper analyzes installation cost of opaque interneting system, transparent intercommunicateing and translucent networking systems as types of optical mesh networks. To examine Optical mesh network types and analyze their installation cost effective factor one take to base observation on the following basic network service providers concern for a core optical mesh. Cheap network elements that will not cost the operator a lot in procuring and installing or that needs less re-engineering. Non-proprietary constrained network utilities, option of buying from different vendors Scalability with low footing expense profit assurance with capacity and redundancy Fault detection and management beyond installation pellucid network This Optical netw ork sends signal from source to destination in form of light path. The optical knowledge is passed through optical switch and routers from the initial generator to final destination. The wavelength doesnt undergo optic-electric conversion (O/E), thickening network element like a router will interface by use of long taking into custody optics to communicate with the wavelength division multiplexer, making it to remain in the same wavelength. Meaning the information remains in optical domain (OOO) and there is no optical-electronic-optical (OEO) conversion, exactly a small switching fabric is essential to interconnect the wavelength division multiplexers and client element nodes. Remaining in optical domain creates a unreserved node architecture at its intermediate switch nodes since no electronic switching fabrics is needed to ingress wave division multiplexers (WDM), this saves cost and space. It employs nodes like directionless / colorless Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Mul tiplexers (ROADM) or Optical Cross Connects (OXC). It is likewise easy to carry out an upgrade of such a network because of insensitivity of data rate change and protocol of light channel. Transparent network can also employ another cost effective architecture switch that may include a private large fabric instead of multiple switch matrices of small port counts but this also contributes negatively on lack of flexibility. However it has draw backs. According to Boullet and Ellinas, if one is to provide flexibility, such an architecture protrude would require the use of tunable lasers at the clients and wavelength conversion. Since signal from client remain on the same wavelength when there is no wavelength conversion only a small size switch fabric is needed to interconnect the WDMs and NEs in a node, which translates to switch scalability (Boullet & Ellinas, p. 5). Inflexibility leads to increased band width and network operational cost. This negates the saving advantage. Transp arent networks needs a centralized planning of each link, this is because of disjoint links since no conversion of the wavelength occurs creating a network of n, where n is the number of WDM channels. This builds a network for unrestricted routing and redundancy capacity sharing involving only optical but would lead to increased bandwidth and network cost. On regeneration

What are the main characteristics of a successful piece of academic Essay

What are the main characteristics of a no-hit piece of academic opus as submitted for a university assessment - Essay ExampleThe extensive point of reference of knowledge through acute reference to databases would be the only solution for the information mining. Once the information is gathered it is vital in the case of an academic cover to analyze the information so as to form scientifically justifiable observations and conclusions. A successful piece of academic writing however demands practically in terms of modal value of writing and the research involved. The important characteristics of a quality academic publisher are as followingAn academic opus will have to adhere with many benchmarks as set by the concerned academic authority. Compliance with academic standards, working in accordance with the objectives and decently formatted documentation would be vital in determining the quality of an academic paper. Considering the importance of an academic paper as key document in a particular reserach and taking into account the way this posterior affect the branch of science dealt with, much emphasis has to be paid on the quality of academic papers. However the difficulty level in the stipulations can differ among different academic authorities. The time way process so as to be able to finish the work within the stipulated deadline is also important. diametric academic authorities demand the academic paper to be written in specified style of writing. This requirement however depends on the kind of paper to be written. The nature of science involved with the paper would determine the academic style in which the paper is to be written. The most common academic writing styles include Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), Chicago Manual of dash (CMA), Council of Science Editors (CSE), Turabian, American Sociological association (ASA), American Anthropological Association (AAA) and Havard style (CSU, 2006). These sty les have been regularise by various organizations so that the papers written by experts across the

What Defines Success in Social Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What Defines Success in Social Commerce - Essay ExampleThis has propagated the emergence of a world(prenominal) economy, e-commerce, and e- art in the formulation of the modern task strategies thus promoting economic development. Ide aloney, the invention of internet and networking services generated consolidation of information and communications technology in the global market thus fostering business relationships amidst countries, organizations, and even individuals (Pearson Education, Inc., 2010). Indeed, since the electronic technologies are in the verge of continued advancement, we can confidently anticipate that their habit in the supply chain will lead to increased e-business and globalization. However, is unfortunate that many small and metier businesses are yet to understand the significance of e-commerce and equally make no effort to engage in it (Manzoor, 2010). Actually, there is continued misunderstanding on the difference between e-business with e-commerce despit e the fact that e-commerce has been in screening for over 40 years since the invention of the electronic transmission of messages. Most assuredly, the advancements in internet and web-based technologies anchor the clear distinction between traditional markets and modern markets, which host e-commerce. Factually, e-commerce incorporates the two-way communication between the consumer and the suppliers as well as supporting the business relations between corporations. Indeed, e-commerce involves all aspects of trade including marketing, ordering, and supply (Manzoor, 2010). more than so, it also supports both physical and intangible trading as well enabling the payments for goods offered. In addition, e-commerce supports electronic provision of services such as after sales support or on-line legal advice. E-commerce uses the internet and affectionate networking technologies to do business and is thus available everywhere and every time indoors an internet hub. Notably, e-commerce significantly increases the global market base as customers can access products from different locations in the world (Oracle, 2012). Furthermore, e-commerce promotes personalization in the market by enabling businesspersons to pass their messages to the target markets and target individuals in the mise en scene of purchasing and rendering payment. It is also flexible in that it allows customers to change the product or service in line with their tastes, preferences, and purchasing power. Most significantly, is the fact that e-commerce is universal in that its standards apply equally across all nations in the world. Nevertheless, there have always been challenges in defining e-commerce. However, the most acceptable definition of e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services across the world. Ideally, e-commerce equally refers to any electronically interaction for purposes of business (Goel, 2007). It is specifically business in the inter net though a computer-mediated network and incorporates no physical interaction. Moreover, it entails the share-out of business information, using networks to conduct business, and maintaining business interactions. Notable, there is a misconception between e-commerce and e-business. However, the two are quite a different in that e-business do not include commercial transaction or cross boundaries business interactions. Nevertheless, e-business and e-commerce interact where internal business systems connect with suppliers. Most assuredly, e-commerce is increasingly becoming a social commerce. Indeed, social commerce and e-commerce rely on one another. Social commerce uses electronic commerce and relies on interactions

Integrated Service Digital Network Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Integrated Service Digital Network - Assignment ExampleMoreover, it revolutionized the design of the internet. Much similar to its precursor, the service of dial-up internet, ISDN uses a phone line. In addition, it put the standard for the telephone information service (Dean, 2010).It enables the hook up of the local cable TV line to a PC and receives selective information close to 1.5 Mbps. This device is addable to or drop be integrated with a set-top box, which provides a TV set with Internet access channels. Commonly, they are provided as part of the service of cable access. Furthermore, they are non bought directly and set up by the subscriber (Sobh, Elleithy, & Mahmood, 2010).As the Sr. System Administrator of manganese Consulting Group, I would recommend RFID (radio frequency identification), portable cell phones and handheld inventory scanners to Star Clothing. This is because the company can use RFID in reducing theft. Moreover, the company can also use handheld inventor y scanners in the control of inventories. In addition, the portable cell phones are cost-effective ways of communications between varied departments.

Are organizations rational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are organizations perspicacious - Essay ExampleA reasoning(prenominal) organization is characterized by the desire of the organizational force-out to be efficient to their optimal tendency. The theory of rational organization considers the organization as a multipart mechanism (Sarfin, 2014). Managers impoverishment to regularly monitor the progress of work as well as the organizational culture and bring off any part whose functionality is lesser than maximum in order to increase the efficiency. An organizations long development can be controlled and modified to achieve the goals.Two major elements that help characterize the rational dusts include goal particularizedity and formalization (Monappa and Saiyadain, 1996, p. 5 Simon, 2001, p. 27). Goal specificity promotes the display of rational behavior in the organizations because specific goals guide the structural design so that the management can delineate the activities that need to be penalise and the resources that have to be arranged (Triplett, 2007, p. 4). The attempt to increase the predictability of behavior through regulation and standardization is called as formulation. Formalization makes the organizational culture conducive for stable expectation that is rationalitys precondition. Rational system perspectives are related to four organizational theories schools, including Taylors Scientific Management, Fayols Administrative Theory, Webers Theory of Bureaucracy, and Simons Theory of Administrative Behavior. Rational models are trump thought of as descriptions of actions that allow usually be compelling for most organizational audiencesbut they are not necessarily the best basis for determining what managing actually consists of (Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, 2011, p. 30).Through the scientific analysis of the activities executed by the organizational personnel on individual level, Taylor (2007) realized the best method that can be

Speach on ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speach on ethics - Essay ExampleThis disorder is instanced by a SARS corona virus, and diagnosis of this malady involves detecting the body temperature, hence wad with temperatures beyond 380c may be suspected. This process involves the use of modern laboratory methods such as enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay and X-rays. SARS, as you may be aware, does not have specific treatment, but medics and other scientists are approach up with drugs such as antipyretics, which help improve respiration. According to Paquin (52), there are various prevention measures that our health professionals should implement when dealing with SARS. These include isolation of the infected people from the healthy ones to prevent scatter of this virus. Quarantine should be done to the suspected individuals who may be carrying the transmitting. All the victims should respect and adhere to wholly the instructions given by their heath attendants. Having summarized the information about the dis temper, I would like to support my curse word colleagues who are against the idea of disclosing SARS information to the public.My ministry and other stakeholders are working hard to fight this disease to make it just a history and not an epidemic in our city. I wish this disease to be fully eradicated in this country just like small pox I take our struggle will bear fruit in due time. If one is diagnosed with the disease, do not cause havoc among other people by telling them he is affected this should be a person-to-person matter. At the same time, infected people should be granted confidentiality when they seek medical attention and the prerequisite measures to be taken by health professionals. Paquin (57) states that one should take care and not panic if the infection is suspected instead, one he should seek medical attention as soon as possible. If you tincture fear in people, this will affect our market stocks, since the citizens will not be free to trade, as they will no t want to risk being infected. This, in turn, may

Sociology culture Essay Example for Free

Sociology culture EssayQuestion1. What do chimpanzee and orangutan cultures have in common with human culture? Give examples of specific behaviors. Answer1. These cultures ar common because both have tool use, interwoven grooming and courtship. For example, young chimpanzees are taught how to crack crackers and when they run into technical problems the mother is always there to help them. This is quite a care(p) how humans would react. The parents get wind the young how to complete and overcome certain task. some other example is the leaf clipping behavior. Just like how one set of humans might use one thing for a certain task, whereas another(prenominal) set might use the akin thing for a completely antithetical task is basically the same as how different sets of chimpanzees use the whole leaf clipping behavior.Question2. Find the hold on orca culture by Lisa Stiffler cited above. How do findings approximately orcas differ from those about chimpanzees? Answer2. The fi ndings about orcas differ from those of chimpanzees in many different ways. Even though they both have a complex culture, orcas communicate in a different ways, they move in groups led by females, they have different ways of pleasing themselves such as rubbing their bodies along rocks and they waste different things. Some orcas eat simple things like salmon others eat things like seals, sea lions and even sharks.One major variation is that instead of the mother Orca forcing/teaching the child how to obtain its own food like the chimpanzee learning how to crack nuts the mother orca instead hunts the food, holds it in her mouth and bring home the bacon her calves to chew on it. To top it all of orcas are also used for greeting ceremonies in most countries whereas Chimpanzees arent.Question1. How does the culture of the Trobiand Islander affect their way of creatinga calendar?Answer1. Due to the position that agriculture is the main focus of peoples lives within the Trobian Island ers, their calendar is based on the lunar cycles. Instead of having a fixed number of months, the number of months in a year for them could either be 12 or 13. This happens because they use the internal clock of a marine bend and basically descend how many months would be in a year based on this worms timing. If the worm does not show when they expect it to show, they would repeat the month hereby determining whether theyll be 12 months or 13 months in the year. Question2. What is another example of a calendar organization that is not the same as that used by the majority of people in the United States? With what culture is it associated? Answer2. Another example of a calendar system is the Mayan calendar.This calendar contains three different calendars the Long Count, the Tzolkin and the Haab. These calendars in the Mayan system vary in the number of days as well as the number of months. It was used by most pre Columbian Central America cultures including the Maya around 2000 BC to the 16th century. However, the calendar got developed still by the Maya civilization and up to this day it is still in use by some of the Mayan communities.

Economic, Social And Political Economy Essay Example for Free

Economic, Social And Political Economy EssayIntroductionIn 1920, the freelancer kingdom of Korea was forcibly annexed to Japan, it lasted until the end of the arcsecond World War. After World War II, the United States (US) heady to occupy the southern half(a) of Korea to pr purget the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from taking control of the spotless peninsula. USSR was helping marriage Koreas fight against the Japanese forces. The US divided Korea at the 38th couple to keep Seoul within the American-occupied atomic number 18a. USSR did not oppose the division. (Korean War, 2006)Both the USSR and the United States started to organize the judicatures in their half of Korea. When they did so, the governmental factions that used to be united against Japan started to emerge again. These factions represent the leftfield and right-wing views. The left-wing wanted an overhaul of Koreas make for construct gotership laws, which unduly favored rich landowners. An d the right wing vehemently refused the reform. (Korean War, 2006)From 1945 to1948, the US suppressed the widespread leftist movement and backed Syngman Rhee. Rhee had lived for decades in the United States and has a hale anti-Communist credentials. He was as well popular with the right. (Korean War, 2006)The USSR, on the other hand, supported the left and Kim Il c all in all. Kim II Sung received support from wedlock Koreans and chinaware. Kim fought with Chinese Communist forces against the Japanese in Manchuria in the 1930s. Kim forced a radical redistri furtherion of land when he outset came into power. By the end of 1946 the regimes of both conglutination and due south Korea were in place. The division of Korea was formalized until 1948. The second established the Republic of Korea while the sum established the Peoples Republic of Korea. (Korean War, 2006)The regime was barely in placed southeastern Korea when it had to contend with a rebellion in the south from the left-wing, particularly in its southern around province. north-central Korea supported the rebellion. It was South Korea that first provoked conjugation Korea into a war, but and Kim II Sung was willing to fight the war, too, with the help of USSR and china. In 1949, engagement in the 38th parallel broke out between the northwest and the South. In 1950, the army of spousal relationship Korea cover the dividing direct contrast. The Korean War reached its height from 1950 to 1953. In 1953, a cease fire agreement was signed. It ended the fighting but the Korean peninsula remained divided. (Korean War, 2006)The Korean War was considered as one of the most destructive of the 20th century. in that respect was an estimated death of 2.4 to 4 million Korean, mostly civilians. The other countries who supporter either side in like manner go through casualties. china, who supported the newton, lost almost 1 million soldiers. The US, who sided with the South, lost a little more than 36 thousands. The economic and social damage to the Korea Peninsula was incalculable. In the North Korea, the three years of bombing destroyed most of the modern structures. (Korean War, 2006)Because of the Korean War, the US and Japanese thrift received a much needed pressurize after World War II. Japan became the source of materials for the war. Meanwhile, defense spending in the US close quadrup take in the last half of 1950. (Korean War, 2006)The North Korean Economy after the War Because North Korea endured 3 years of US bombing, a new capital had to be rebuilt after the war in North Korea. By 1960, the discipline and forced-labor policies of the Kim II Sungs regime resulted in recovery and development. The general touchstone of living of the tidy sum remained low. There was an emphasis to heavy industrial growth but not payoff of economic goods. (North Korea, 2006)In 1995, there was a nationwide food crisis. In 1996, it became a widespread famine. USSR and China withdr awal of its food subsidies, the governments agricultural policies, and a series of floods and droughts are factors that contributed to the food crisis. global humanitarian relief agencies provided food helper and other relief efforts. In 1998, an estimated 1 million battalion had died of starvation and famine-related illnesses. The food crisis continued into the early 2000s. (North Korea, 2006)The Juche IdeaJuche is the official state ideology of North Korea. It is as well as the basis for its political system. Juche literally means main body or subject. In North Korean sources, it had been translated as independent stand and the spirit of self-reliance. The core principle of the Juche ideology has been that man is the master of everything and decides everything. (Juche, 2006, para. 1)It was Kim Il-sung which modern Juche as a slogan in speech titled On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work. It was made in rejection of the policy of de-S talinization in the Soviet Union. It became a systematic ideologic doctrine in the 1960s. Kim Il-sung outlined the three fundamental principles which are as follows (1) independence in politics, (2) self-sustenance in the economy, and (3) self-defense in national defense. (Juche, 2006, para. 2)In 1982, Kim Jong-il authored a document titled On the Juche Idea. An clause in Wikipedia s tendingAccording to Kim Jong-ils On the Juche Idea, the application of Juche in state policy entails the following 1) The people must have independence (chajusong) in thought and politics, economic self-sufficiency, and self-reliance in defense 2) polity must reflect the will and aspirations of the masses and employ them fully in mutation and construction 3) Methods of variation and construction must be suitable to the situation of the country and 4) The most important work of revolution and construction is molding people ideologically as communists and mobilizing them to constructive action. (Juche, 2006, para. 3)One of the first application of the Juche bringing close together in North Korea was the Five-Year Plan known as the Chollima Movement. The Five-Year Plan involved rapid economic development, with a focus on heavy industry. This is to ensure independence from the USSR and China. (Juche, 2006, para. 4)But the reality of the Juche Idea is its economic program of self-reliance has resulted in economic dependence. North Korea has been an aid-dependent regime. From 1953 to1976 it depended considerably on Soviet industrial aid. The USSR remained North Koreas great economic benefactor until its 1991 collapse. It experienced a food crisis in the early part of its regime which later(prenominal) developed in to a famine. It has accepted aid from China, South Korea and the international community. In 2005, the country was the second largest recipient of international food aid. In 1998, Juche made pragmatic adaptations to capitalism. (Juche, 2006, para. 5)The state ideology h as been an alternative to conventional religion. Juche have incorporated religious ideas into the state ideology. Juche is considered the largest political religion in North Korea. Practice of all other religions is overseen and subject to heavy surveillance by the state. (Juche, 2006, para. 6)Improving Relationship with the SouthAfter the Korean War, North Korea developed a hard stance against the South. In the 1960s, an assassination team nearly succeeded in killing Park Chung Hee, the South Korean president at that time. In 1968, North Korean grease-gun boats seized a US intelligence gathering vessel and subjected its crew to extreme circumstances for a year. In 1969, a US reconnaissance plane was shot down. There were guerrilla raids launched against the South. These attacks made the South even more dedicated in renewing their defense measures and influenced the formation of a harder political order in South Korea. (North Korea, 2006)Through the 1970s and 1980s, there were eff orts to affect the unification of the North and South Korea, but these efforts failed. In June 2000, the leaders of North and South Korea, concur to promote reconciliation and economic cooperation between the dickens countries. This was the first face-to-face meeting between the leaders of the two countries since the country was divided. (North Korea, 2006)The meeting of the leaders of these two countries led to the first cross-border visits of family members separated since the Korean War which was officially authorized by both states. The agreement too led to many favorable consequences for both countries. Trade and investment increase. There was a more relaxed host tension. It also partially reopened road and rail links severed by the Korean War. There was also a start of mail service between the two countries. (North Korea, 2006)During the opening ceremonies of the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia, the athletes from North Korea and South Korea paraded together under one flag, the neutral flag of the Korea Peninsula. But the athletes still competed individually in the different events. (North Korea, 2006)In October of 2000, Kim Dae Jung was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to bring about reconciliation between the two countries. (North Korea, 2006)South Korea, together with China, is instrumental in bringing almost 1 billion dollars in aid and investment to North Korea. South Koreas help prevent the collapse of the North Korean economy (Fajola Fan, 2006). However, recent political developments may gun trigger old hostilities in the region. The insistence of North Korea to develop and visitation nuclear weapons may bring war in Northeast Asia again (Fajola Fan, 2006). South Korea, despite its own pressing need, offered to supply North Korea energy if it would cease the production of nuclear weapons (David 2006). There is still no news whether North Korea has accepted its offer.Politics and International RelationsBefore the Korean War, The Workers Party of Korea was established. Kim Il Sung emerged as the leader of North Korea. He enjoyed the military support of the USSR until the soviet troops withdrew in 1948. Under the Workers Party leadership, political and economic changes had been made.The egalitarian land reforms were enforced. There was a radical redistribution of land from the land owners to laborer and tenant farmers. The landless labor and tenant farmers supported these reforms. Because of these reforms, there was massive arrogation of land and wealth from the Japanese or to enemies of the regime. Aside from the reforms, there was also party-directed economic planning and development. (North Korea 2006)Kim II Sung fought against the Japanese and, in 1949, welcome the war against South Korea. When North Korean forces crossed the dividing line to the South, the US joined the fighting with the approval of the UN. There was also a small contingent from spacious Britain, Canada, Australia, and Turkey to help with the Americans. USSR, an ally of North Korea refused to vote during the deliberations in the UN. In October 1950, China supported North Korea in the War. When cease fire was finally agreed upon, thousands of lives where lost on both sides. Millions worth of foundation were also destroyed, particularly in the North which experienced massive bombing operations from the US. (North Korea 2006).In the political front, North Korean leadership began to veer away from USSR influenced. The intensifying conflict between China and the USSR, allowed North Korea even more independent action. (North Korea, 2006)North Korea actions after the Korean War seemed to be geared towards building of nuclear might. When both North and South Korea joined the UN in 1991, they signed agreements regarding nuclear and conventional munition control and reconciliation. In 1992, North Korea signed an agreement allowing the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to impose the countrys nucl ear facilities. In 1993 the North Korean government refused the inspection of nuclear fluff sites which is believed to contain undeclared nuclear material for nuclear weapons. This resistance continued until the first half of 1994. (North Korea, 2006)South Korea suspended its formal acceptance of the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) which it signed in 1985. In 1993, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) suspected North Korea of building at least one atomic weapon from plutonium extracted from fuel rods at a nuclear power plant. (North Korea, 2006)In 1994, the US and North Korea reached an agreement called Agreed good example. In this agreement, North Korea will suspend the operation of designated nuclear facilities capable of producing and reprocessing superior plutonium and allow IAEA inspectors to verify the suspension. The agreement called for annual deliveries of heavy fuel oil to North Korea. The U.S. agreed to take steps to end economic sa nctions against North Korea, sanctions in placed since the Korean War. (North Korea, 2006)The 1994 Agreed Framework is also a step towards normal diplomatic dealings between the US and North Korea. North Korea agreed to suspend operation of the nuclear facilities in return for two new reactors that will be built by US, South Korea and Japan. In 1995, the construction of the two reactors started. In 2002, US abrogated the agreement. It charged North Korea of violating the agreement by initiating a secret weapons-grade uranium-enrichment program. North Korea denied that it had such a program. Because the US abrogated in 2002, North Korea resumed plutonium production. In February 2005, it issued a statement that it was now a nuclear weapons state. (North Korea, 2006)While relations between the two Koreas are improving, the relations between the US and North Korea became even more strained because of the issue of nuclear weapons. The US had placed North Korea on a list of countries s upporting terrorism and had characterized North Korea as being part of an axis of evil. China attempted to act as a mediator between North Korea and the US, but the US refused to meet in one-on-one negotiations. To compromise, China fashioned a series of negotiations which would take place among China, Japan, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, and the US. The talks were held in Beijing, China. (North Korea, 2006)Without arriver an agreement, the six-party talks recessed in early August 2005. When the talks resumed in September 2005, North Korea pledged to a throw awaydon all nuclear weapons and programs in exchange for economic aid and security guarantees. The talks stalled. premature of July 2006 North Korea launched seven test missiles, including a long-range Taepodong-2 missile, which fell into the Sea of Japan. Even if the test were considered successful, these raised(a) tensions in the area. Concerned international community, through the UN Security Council, called for econo mic sanctions against North Korea. (North Korea, 2006)The 2006 Nuclear TestingAnalysts are saying that North Koreas gaining bragging rights as a nuclear power may have political and economic fallout. Many fears that the nuclear tests being done by North Korea can trigger instability in Northeast Asia. China, which had been a supporter of North Korea, is reconsidering its support for the Kim Jong II. China, with the help of South Korea, had disposed(p) billions of dollars in aid and investment to North Korea.Both countries helped prevent the collapse of the economy for fear that such will send refugees pouring into their own borders. An Asia Times Online writer said that South Korea offered to supply North Koreas energy needs if the latter will abandon its nuclear arms. Chinas alien minister, Li Zhaoxing expressed the Chinese government opposition to the nuclear test. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Because of the tests, South Korea stopped the delivery of arrest assistance to help the Nort h deal with recent floods. President Roh Moo Hyun said, The South Korean government at this point cannot continue to say that this engagement policy sunshine policy is effective. Ultimately, it is not something we should give up on, but objectively speaking, the situation has changed. Being patient and accepting whatever North Korea does is no longer acceptable, (qtd. in Fajola and Fan, 2006, para. 7).Analysts say that the shift in position of China or South Korea is partly based on the possible reaction of Japan, the nation most threatened by North Koreas ballistic missiles. A nuclear-armed North Korea could lead Japan arm itself more aggressively. A U.S. congressional report may lead Japan, South Korea and Taiwan to develop their own nuclear weapons. It would start an arms race in the region and move over regional disputes. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Japan has already said that it would impose harder measures against North Korea. The measures can include a ban on the remittances sent home by North Koreans working in Japan. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Another motivation for Chinas position is its failed attempt to mediate between US and North Korea in the series of negotiations in Beijing. To save face and to meet international pressure, China may impose tougher economic sanctions and reduce aid to North Korea to force the latter to stop production and testing of its missiles. (Fajola and Fan, 2006)Seung Joo Baek, an analyst from the Seoul-based Korea Institute for Defense Analyses also saidNorth Koreas message is that no matter how hard South Korea, Japan, the United States gang up on them, they wont budge. They want to be recognized as a nuclear power. They are assumptive that it is the only thing that will keep them safe. We will have to wait and see if they are right. (qtd. in Fajola Fan, 2006, conclusion)ReferencesKorean War. (2006). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved November30,2006, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online http//www.britannica.com/eb/ member-90460 72.Korean War (2006). In Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved November30,2006 from http//encarta.msn.com.North Korea (2006). In Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved November30,2006 from http//encarta.msn.com.Nguyen, D. South Korea Enters the Great Game. May 13, 2006. Retrieved November30,2006 from http//www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/HJ10Dg02.html.Juche (2006). In Wikipedia 2006. Retrieved November30,2006 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JucheFajola, A. Fan M. North Koreas Political and Economic Gamble. October 10, 2006. Retrieved November30,2006 from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/08/AR2006100801169_2.html

Saxenian’s Argument Essay Example for Free

Saxenians Argument trySaxenian conducted a comparative study of two regions that focused on electronic industry Silicon vale and travel plan 128. Between these two, reports showed that as of 1990, Silicon Valley emerged as more competitive and successful than Route 128. Saxenian conducted interviews in the area and found out that the employee mobility in Silicon Valley was higher. To argue that such mobility is the debate why Silicon Valley succeeds was something that defies the common knowledge and principles of economics.Such action would inevitably lead to a leakage of information across different organizations and might affect competition. When one company get holds of the separate companys innovative knowledge, they would apply the knowledge to their stimulate company or use it towards their own advantage. An different observation that was made by Saxenian was the prevalence of collaboration in their network-based system and the promotion of open-markets that throw ou t competition and entrepreneurship.Through network-based system, knowledge was spread horizontally. The presence of new organizations or corporations are welcomed and supported. On the other hand, in Route 128 wherein companies are integrated to the point that competition becomes limited to the largest firms. Knowledge and authority flows vertically or stay within the firm. Nonetheless, through the development of the internet and other telecommunication technology, Saxonians line of descent no longer holds for a similar comparison today.The internet permits employees and employers among different firms or agencies to communicate. Cluster networks in a particular regional economy can communicate or exchange information with firms or companies abroad. Knowledge is retrieved more promptly and more accurately today through internet search engines. crease hopping or employee mobility was not a major factor today than before since information are more readily available than 20 years ago .

Determining the Concentration of Sulphuric Acid Essay Example for Free

Determining the tightfistedness of Sulphuric Acid tasteI am dismissal to plan an experiment to determine the accurate dumbness of sulfuric battery- venereal disease. It is melodic theme to corroborate the concent symmetryn mingled with 0.05 and 0.15 moldm-3. I pass on be provided with a solid base which is anhydrous (powder) atomic number 11 change (Na2CO3). To find the accurate concentration I volition titrate the sulphuric pungent against the atomic number 11 carbonate. The reaction following ordain take placeNa2CO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na 2 SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l)1deciding the AmountsSulphuric acid has a concentration ab come forward 0. 10 moldm-3 (half way between 0.05 and 0.15 moldm-3). I would standardised to substance abuse 25cm3 of sulphuric acid. This is because, it is not a wasteful measurement and also it would reduce percentage errors because this is kinda a large amount to use. It would be an ideal value to use.Further much, I will ask to bewild er up a standard result from the solid base that I have been provided with, which is sodium carbonate. I would again ideally like to use 25cm3 of the standard base per titer. This is because, the pipets have the rendering of 25cm3, which means the pipet is readily, available for this amount, thitherfore it is a sensible value.Consequently I will need to hold in up a standard solution of concentration 0.10moldm-3. This is because of the stoichiometry. The equation shows that for every one mole of sulphuric acid, there is one mole of sodium carbonate. Therefore, the concentration must be the same because the volumes ar the same and the emergence of moles atomic number 18 the same. I estimated the concentration of sulphuric acid to be 0.10 moldm-3 because its halfway between the thought amount of 0.05 and 0.15 moldm-3, therefore the concentration of the standard solution must be the same.Deciding what Indicator to UseI need to use an indication to see when the end point of the titration occurs, and they are employ between acid and alkalis. I have decided on victimization 2-3 drops of methyl group orange indicator fin my experiment per titre. This is because methyl orange indicator gives an accurate indication of the end point utilise a arduous acid (sulphuric acid) and a vague alkali (sodium carbonate). 2Making up my Standard SolutionAs I have mentioned before, I want my standard solution to have the concentration of 0.10 moldm-3. I have chosen my volumetric flaskful to be 250cm3. This is because these volumetric flasks are readily available. In addition, I am aiming to do rough five titrations, therefore this amount would allow me to do five titrations and have somewhat to spare.I right away need to find divulge how much sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is needed to make a standard solution of concentration 0.10 moldm-3.I need to use the equation turn of events of moles = concentration (moldm-3) x volume(dm3)3n = c x vThe volume is 250cm3 so I need to burst this by 1000 so that it switch overs into dm3.Number of moles = 0.10(moldm-3) x 0.25 (dm3)Number of moles = 0.025 molesTherefore, 0.025 moles id required for the standard solution, nevertheless, I now need to convert this into grams by using the equationNumber of moles = Mass (g) / molar mass(gmol-1)4Mass (g) = Number of moles x Molar mass(gmol-1)Molar mass for Na2CO3 = (23 x 2) + 12 + (16 x 3) = 106gmol-1Mass (g) = 0.025 x 106 = 2.65gTherefore, 2.650g of sodium carbonate is required for my standard solution.My experimentThe apparatus I am going to use are as follows* Burette* Conical flask* Volumetric flask* Rubber ball pipette filler* Distilled water* Beakers* Filter funnel* Teat pipette* Tile* Sulphuric acid* sodium change* Scales* Spatula* Weighing bottle* Glass rod* Stand* Clamp* methyl group orange indicator curriculum of Experiment1. Prepare apparatus.2. Weigh a deliberateness bottle accurately. Using a spatula, transfer 2.650g of sodium carbonate to the weighing bottle and weigh again.3. Tip the contents of the weighing bottle into a whitened 250cm3 beaker and reweigh the empty weighing bottle to find the weight by difference. This way I back tooth hold out out the actual weight of sodium carbonate that has been transferred.4. Add 50cm3 of distilled water to the solid and stir using a glass rod until dissolved. Transfer this solution into a volumetric flask using a funnel. Make up the graduation mark with distilled water using a teat pipette to find out you so not wave-off it. This is now the standard solution.5. Put a stopper on the flask and invert it astir(predicate) 20 times to make sure all the solution is mixed.6. Using pipette filler, pipette 25.0cm3 of the solution into a novel conic flask.7. Clean the burette out with distilled water and thus again with sulphuric acid. Attach the burette to the stand, and fill the burette using a funnel with sulphuric acid.8. Add methyl orange indicator to the conical flash only about 2-3 d rops. Put the conical flask onto a white tile so the colour change is easy to see when titrating.9. quantify the solution until you reach the end point (when the solution turns orange), and record your results. I am going to use this as a rough titre.10. Repeat this to obtain concordant results, concordant meaning results that are interchangeable usually results which are in 0.1cm3 of each other.Risk AssessmentChemical NameForm applyprophylactic StatementPrecautionsSulphuric Acid0.05-0.15 moldm-3IrritantWear eye protection and gloves. Wear a lab coat. If spilt on skin dry with a textile and then wash with water. If spilt dry with cloth and then scrub using water. If it gets it contact with eyes wash them with water thoroughly. 6Sodium changeSolid and at0.10 moldm-3Irritant, but if dust gets in eyes its harmful.Wear safety goggles, gloves and also defensive clothing. If in contact with eyes wash quickly with clean water. If spilt on skin wash intensely. If inhaled travel to an area of fresh air. If spilt anywhere scoop as much as possible up. 5Methyl OrangeIndicator2-3 dropsIrritantWear safety goggles, gloves and also protective clothing. If spilt, clean it up using a cloth and water. If gets in contact with skin wash the area thoroughly. If registers eyes wash with clean water. 6Why my plan will Devise Reliable resultsMy plan will devise bona fide result because of many reasons. Firstly I am going to do a rough titre in my plan, which means I will have a rough idea of my titration, so when I do my real results I know when to add it drop wise, so that I wont overshoot the end point. Another reason why I wont overshoot the end point is because I am going to use a white tile so I can assess the end point more accurately.Furthermore, I am only going to add 2 or 3 drops of methyl orange indicator. This will make my results more reliable because the methyl orange indicator is slightly acidic, so it would use up the alkaline solution, therefore by only addi ng a exquisite amount of it will make my results more reliable and accurate.In addition, I am also going to wash my equipment out thoroughly with distilled water and then with the solution I am going to baffle that piece of equipment. This will remove any impurities that were originally in the containers so will make my results more reliable.Also, when I am measuring the solution, I will measure accurately by using a pipette to make sure the bottom of the meniscus is on the line to make my results more accurate. Also, when reading the burette I will put a piece of plain paper behind so I can read it more accurately.I will also, remember to take the funnel out of my burette as this could also affect the accuracy of my results. This is because drops are still on the funnel could enter my burette which mean more sulphuric acid affecting my results. This way by removing the funnel, I will achieve accurate results. 7Finally, I am going to use accurate equipment as possible, which will minimise errors in my results.Overall my results will be very accurate and reliableReferences1. Article on types of chemical reactions, http//www.sky-web.net/science/reaction-types. I utilise this to help me write my balanced equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate and sulphuric acid.2. Information on the use of indicators in acid-alkali titrations, salters practical assessment. I utilize this to decide what indicator to use as it told me what to use if I had a strong acid and weak alkali.3. Chemical ideas, 2nd edition, chapter 1, section 1.5, concentrations of solutions, published by Heinemann 2000. I used this to get the concentration equation.4. function point presentation on moles and concentration, http//moodle.kedst.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=4556. This helped me find the formulas for concentration and to find out the mass.5. Safety data sheet, http//www.brunnermond.com/products/sodium_carb. I used this source to find out the safety statement of sodium carbon ate and the precautions I will need to take.6. Hazard cards, numbers 98 and 32, Cleapps 1998 and 2003. I used these to find out the safety statement and also the precaution I will need to take when doing my experiment for methyl orange indicator and sulphuric acid.7. Skills for Salters as Chemistry, pages 3,4,6,7 and 29, chemistry department, 2007. I used this to see how I will use my equipment and use it accurately, giving me accurate results.AnalysisI made up my standard solution by firstly weighing out some sodium carbonate.I weighed the weighing bottle and added approximately 2.65g of sodium carbonate. I then transferred the sodium carbonate to a beaker and reweighed the weighing bottle, so I can therefore work out exactly how much sodium carbonate I transferred.Mass of weighing bottle and sodium carbonate = 57.732gMass of weighing bottle after transfer of sodium carbonate = 55.052gConsequently the accurate amount of sodium carbonate transferred is the mass of the weighing bottl e and the sodium carbonate, disconfirming the mass of the weighing bottle after the transfer which is57.932g 55.052g = 2.680gTherefore, 2.680g of sodium carbonate was transferred.Next I added about 50cm3 of water to the beaker and using a glass rod I stirred the solution until the sodium carbonate has dissolved. This was then fully transferred to a volumetric flask and water was added to the 250cm3 graduation mark. I then used a pipette to transfer 25.00cm3 of this standard solution to a conical flask and titrated with the unknown acid.I used 25.00cm3 of the standard solution for each titre after the experiment I had obtained results for how much acid was added for each titre. The results for how much acid I added for each titre are as follows 20.10cm3, 19.85cm3 and 20.05cm3. I am now going to work out an average by picking out the concordant results (results which are in 0.10cm3 of each other) and dividing by how many there is.20.10cm3+ 20.05cm3/2 = 20.075cm3.Therefore, my averag e titre was 20.075cm3. concentration of Sodium Carbonate SolutionI am now going to calculate the concentration of the sodium carbonate solution2.68g of sodium carbonate was dissolved in a 250cm3 volumetric flask using water, so I need to find out how many moles of the substance I used in differentiate to find out the concentration. Therefore I need to use the equationNumber of Moles= Mass (g)/Molar Mass (gmol-1)Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (23 x 2) + 12 + (16 x 3)= 106gmol-1Number of Moles= 2.680g/ 106gmol-1Number of Moles= 0.0253moles.Therefore, I used 0.0253 moles in my standard solution.I now need to use the equation to find the concentration constriction (moldm-3) = Number of moles/Volume (dm3)I firstly need to convert 250cm3 to dm3 so that my equation works1000cm3 = 1dm3250cm3 = 0.250dm3 (I change integrity by 1000).Concentration (moldm-3) = 0.0253moles/0.250dm3Concentration= 0.101moldm-3Consequently, I have calculated my sodium carbonate standard solution to have a concentration o f 0.101moldm-3, rounded to three significant figures.Concentration of acidI am now going to calculate the concentration of the acid solution therefore I firstly need to find out how many moles there is of the sodium carbonate solution, by using the equationConcentration of Na2CO3 (moldm-3) x Volume of Na2CO3(dm3) = Number of moles of Na2CO30.101moldm-3 x (25/1000) dm3) =0.00253 molesThe equation of my reaction isNa2CO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l)This equation shows that the molar ratio of sodium carbonate and sulphuric acid is 11 which means is there is 0.00253 moles of sodium carbonate there is 0.00253 moles in sulphuric acid.The average titre as shown above was 20.075cm3, which I need to convert to dm3 which is20.075cm3/1000 = 0.0201dm3.I can now use the equationConcentration (moldm-3)= Number of moles/Volume (dm3)Concentration (moldm-3)= 0.0253 / 0.0201Concentration = 0.126moldm-3.Overall, I conclude that the concentration of the acid solution is 0.126moldm-3 .

Different examples of power Essay Example for Free

Different examples of advocator EssayWhat is power? What are different examples of power? How can mint gain and maintain power? Power is being adequate to make something happen or prevent something from happening. You know if someone has power if they are leaders or if they are respected. If youre a good influence you can also gain power because volume begin to follow in your footsteps. Examples of power are political, economic, and social. Political power is an authority held by a group within troupe that allows for the administration of public resources and implement policies for society. The President has political power and the regulator has political power. Social power is the degree of influence that an individual or organization has among their peers and within their society as a whole. Martin Luther King had social power and Malcolm X also had social power. Economic power is organization of the money, industry, and trade of a country, region, or society. Jay Z has economic power because he has money.My essay is deviation to be about stop and sport and how often it is being used by practice of law officers and how it affects the people in neighborhoods it is constantly happening in and the statistics on the frisking. In New York City police officers adopt a program called stop and frisk which is when a person is stopped by a contain and patted down to examine if the person is carrying a weapon or if the person is engaging in wrong activity. This type of limited search occurs when police confront a suspicious person in an childbed to prevent a crime from taking place. A stop is different from an arrest. An arrest is a lengthened process in which the suspect is taken to the police station or booked and a frisk is only a temporary search. If the officer uncovers further evidence during the frisk, the stop may lead to an unquestionable arrest, but if no further evidence is found, the person is let go. Unlike a full search, a frisk is only limited to a patting down of the outer clothing.If the officer feels something like a weapon, the officer may then reach inside the persons clothing. If no weapon is felt, the search may not go any further than the outer clothing. In 2011, New Yorkers were stopped by police 685,724 times by police officers and 88 percent of them were totally innocent. 34 percent were African Americans 34 percent where Latinos. 51 percent were though age 14 to 24, only 9 percent were Caucasian.. In the first lodge months of 2012, New Yorkers were stopped by police 443,422 times. 89 percent were completely innocent. 55 percent were unappeasable and 32 percent were Latinos, 10 percent were white. Stop and frisk causes people to be afraid of the police because when they are around they have to worry about being frisked by them. Stop-and-Frisk abuses corrode trust betwixt the police and communities, which makes everyone less safe. I know people that get very scared when the police get it on around b ecause he had been frisked a lot of times.Police officers also sometimes use physical gouge when frisking people. For example, if you are getting frisked and you try to resist, the police will sometimes use physical king on you because they may feel like youre disobeying them. Stop and frisk is a violation of the quaternate Amendment. The Fourth Amendment says people have the right to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Mayor Bloomberg and police say stop and frisk has helped New York reach a low crime rate.New York has the lowest crime rate among the nations biggest cities, said by the FBI. People call the stop and frisk practice racial discrimination. Aggressive stop-and-frisk practices are having a incomprehens ible effect on individuals, groups and communities across the city. Residents of some New York City neighborhoods describe a police heraldic bearing so pervasive and hostile that they feel like they are living in a produce of siege. w deeply this practice impacts individuals and they document widespread civil and human rights abuses, including illegal profiling, improper arrests, remote touching, sexual harassment, humiliation and violence at the hands of police officers.

George Walker Bush Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

George Walker furnish Leadership Style endeavorBarbara and George H. W. Bush are the parents of the 43rd president of the United Sates, George W. Bush. The two were married on January 6th, 1945 and it was said that they undergo love at first sight when meeting. George Bush Sr. was 17 when married, and Barbara was 16. The two have lived in 29 homes located in 17 cities, and is the first presidential couple to reach 60 historic period of marriage. Barbaras background includes working a summer job sorting nuts and bolts during World war II as swell as working at the Yale Coup while her husband was attend the college, and until her first child was born. She is the second woman in history to have both a give-and-take and husband serve as president of the United States. George H. W. Bush served as the 41st president, as well as numerous other positions within our government. Some of these include vice-president to Ronald Reagan, director of the CIA, congressman, ambassador to t he United Nations, and chairperson of the Republi sewer National Committee. Besides these governmental positions he was also a pilot in the naval forces as well as an anele businessman in Texas. George Walker Bush was born on July 6, 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut.He was the oldest of his five other siblings Pauline ( robin redbreast), John Ellis (Jeb), Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy (Doro). Georges sister Robin died at the age of three from leukemia when George was only seven divisions old. His brother Jeb would also go on to become the 43rd governor of Florida. In 1948, George Sr. and Barbara moved the family to Midland, Texas, where H. W. would make his fortune in the oil business. George attended private school in Massachu rearts where he was a great athlete in baseball, football, and basketball.He was good in school, but was also known for being a bit of a troublemaker. He went on to be accepted to Yale University where he was the president of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, played rugby, and was a member of the closelipped Skull and Bones society. Two weeks before graduation George enlisted in the Texas National Guard. Although there is a lot of meditation as to whether or not he completely fulfilled his duty, he was honorably discharged in 1974. In 1977, Bush met Laura Welch and married her aft(prenominal) only three months. The couple has two children together, twins Jenna and Barbara.Family is colossal to George, and he attributes Laura for stabilizing his life and helping him to give up alcohol in 1986. As for George W. Bushs leadership style, many things through with(predicate) his life have affected how he chooses to lead. In 1978 he lost in an preference for a House of Representatives seat in Texas, which helped him to humble himself and realize that things would not be given to him just because of his father. He helped with his fathers presidential campaign in the year 1988, and this helped him to learn the ins and outs of campaigns as w ell as doing the dirty work required of such a position. subsequently this, George bought a share of the Texas Rangers baseball team and served as managing general partner for five years, where he acquire how a business works and runs. He became governor of Texas in 1995 and served until 2000, when he won the presidential election on the republi washbowl ticket. He served two terms as president, and dealt with disasters such as Hurricane Katrina and September 11th. George has been quoted oratory about Katrina saying, Throughout the area hit by the hurricane, we will do what it takes, we will stay as long as it takes, go help citizens rebuild their communities and their lives.George W. Bushs leadership style can be described as problem solver, delegator, decisive, visionary, and composed. He was a problem solver because he believed that acquiring problems solved right when they needed to be was key, and did not push them off until the next person came or so to fix it. As for deleg ator, Bush was good at knowing when it was his place to get something done, or when he should let someone else take over the job for him. George was a decisive leader in that he made tough decisions throughout his presidency, but al modalitys did what he believed was best for our country.Visionary is one way to describe his leadership style seeing as he had a clear vision set out at the beginning of his presidency for how he wanted our country to run, and this is something that he is known preferably well for. Lastly, during Bushs presidency he had to lead our country through two disgustful incidents. Through all of this, he was able to maintain his composure and remain an effective leader through tough times, which shows his composure as a leader.One of the things that George W. Bush is most well known for would be his speech that he gave at the sight of ground zero a few days after 9/11. I can learn you the rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked down these buil dings will hear all of us soon. I believe that this quote from him helps to show all of the different leadership styles that he exhibited throughout his stint as governor of Texas as well as president of the United States. Nowadays, you can find George spending time with his wife Barbara on his ranch in Texas. He recently wrote his book, decisiveness Points and had a library put up in his name on the Southern Methodist University in the great state of Texas.

Robert Swindells Essay Example for Free

Robert Swindells Es thinkHow does Robert Swindells sort out you sense of smell sympathetic to the situation that homeless people go th primitive themselves? Robert Swindells makes you feel sympathetic in the book quite a lot. Here are some reasons I think the main reason is because he uses first person narrative. The homeless character can say his sound judgment on the street because he has the most experience whereas the public and charity can unaccompanied set facts and exaggerate.Link can similarly express the difficultness he faces in a diary. Swindells also makes the character say Emotive words which make it sound unfavorable e. g.Link describes the sleeping really bad which make readers fell sorry for him. The first person narrative is good also because Link describes the yarn as if you were there.The book makes you feel sorry for Link because at the start it shows you how he had no natural selection but to be homeless because of his stepdad Vince. At the start i t showed you how nobody cared about him and how he couldnt dish out for stand by or support. At first you think everything result be ok because his sister Carole helps him but the cliff-hanger makes you feel sorry as in the end he was still let down.You can also witness how upset he was when he received a sleeping bag as it was a menage from his family saying hes homeless. The ending is quite sad because you feel upsetting knowing that most of the homeless will never get any better. I think he uses a bad ending to make people be more aware of the homeless and to make you even more he employ a murder story. Theres also another bit at the last moment to make you so sympathetic when he finds out that Gails really a journalist. In the book it shows how hard it is for Link to get a job.Its shows each day go past making you feel sorry hes living rough because hes waiting for a job opportunity. In the end he cant find any and it shows him mendicity for money and how hard it is to enc ourage people to give and he describes them as head-shakers, pocket-patters and shruggers. You feel sympathetic as these words are used. Showing the publics opinion makes you sad as they have a negative opinion about the homeless. The author is trying to show you what you might be like and trying to give you a positive opinion about the homeless. He also tries to show that its very hard to ask for help as its like hes invisible.

Outline Home school and private school Essay Example for Free

Outline Home enlighten and snobby school EssayWhat two objects, people, subjects, or concepts argon you going to comp ar and contrast? What are the similarities between the two objects, people, subjects, or concepts? dip as many similarities that you john think of. Learning, working yourself towards a sheepskin to a better future, material used is the same (textbooks, quizzes, test) What are the differences between the two objects, people, subjects, or concepts? List as many differences that you can think of. Homeschool you get more one on one attend to and attention, greater social interaction in public schools, fights and bullying arent as likely in homeschool, flexibility in schedules Are you going to focus on similarities, differences, or twain? Explain your rationale. I think its important to focus on both I believe there are more difference than similarities when it comes to homeschool vs. public school What do you want your readers to learn and understand after re ndition your essay? What is the purpose of your essay? The purpose is to show that while homeschool and public schools are different they both have their positive benefits and you have to choose the one that best suits you and your family. What common chord parallel points of comparison or contrast will you address in your essay?For example, if you were going to compare and contrast two teachers, your three parallel points might be theseEach teachers homework policyEach teachers classroom conduct policyEach teachers demeanorSocial interactionFlexibility of schedule and submitting assignments.Bullying IssuesExplain why this is an appropriate and workable proposition selection for the closing assignment. This topic is appropriate for me because my husband and I have actually been discussing moving our children from public to home school due to my child being bullied by an older child. So I feel like choosing this topic can teach me something and help me in the future to make decis ions for my own children.1. What is your chosen topic from the disposition?Home School vs. Public School2. Will you be comparing or severalise the items?I will be comparing and contrasting home school and public school there are many important differences as well as similarities. 3. Will you be organizing your essay point-by-point or by subject? Point by point4. What 3 characteristics will you be comparing or contrasting? Social interaction in public vs. home school, bullying, and the flexibility of schedules between both 5. What is your brainstorming proposal?I will jot my ideas down as they come to me, I will research the differences and similarities, thusly make a rough draft.Emails and written letters vary because of the time involved for both senders and recipients. Emails are typed, and letters are hand-written. Typing is much quicker compared to hand writing. Emails can be sent with the photograph of a button. Letters must be sealed, stamped, and sent by what is today de emed snail mail. Emails can be sent much quicker than hand written letters. A recipient can go into his or her email account and quickly review an email. Letter recipients must wait for the mail, open the windbag and unfold the paper. Recipients receive emails much faster than those receiving written letters. Ultimately, emails and written letters have various differences in the ways that the messages are written, sent, and received, but they also differ because of the popularity of each.

Journal of Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

Journal of Consumer Behavior EssayConsumer complaints and recuperation through tackleing self- advantage engineering science NICHOLA ROBERTSON1*, LISA MCQUILKEN1 and JAY KANDAMPULLY2 1 Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, capital of Seychelles 3125, Australia 2 Ohio State University, 266 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA ABSTRACT Self- process technologies be shaping the future of consumer conduct, yet consumers often experience process ruin in this background. This conceptual paper foc functions on self- value engineering failure and recovery. A consumer perspective is taken. Recovering from self-service technology failure is fraught with difficulty, mainly because of the absence seizure of service power. The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical modelling and associated research propositions in respect to the coercive role that service attempts can play in the context of self-service technology failure and recovery.It cont ributes to the consumer demeanour domain by unifying the theory pertaining to consumer complaint behaviour, service recovery, specifically consumers perceptions of justice, and service guarantees, which are clothe in a distinctive self-service technology context. It is advanced that service guarantees, specifically multiple attribute-specific guarantees, are associated with consumer voice complaints following self-service technology failure, which is possible on the attribution of blame in the glitter of consumers output signal role.Service guarantees are argued to be associated with consumers perceptions of just recovery in the selfservice technology context when they visit to fix the problem, compensate only when the problem cannot be remedied, offer a choice of compensation that is contingent on failure severity, afford ease of invocation and collection, and provide a personalised reply to failures. previous compartmentalizations of SSTs are used to highlight the applicab ility of guarantees for opposite instances of SSTs. Managerial implications based on the theoretical framework are presented, along with future research directions. Copyright 2011 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.INTRODUCTIONThe growing application of technology in services hastransformed the way that organisations interact with consumers (Liljander et al., 2006). Self-service technologies (SSTs) are technological interfaces that enable consumers to catch benefits for themselves, without the presence of the organisations personnel (Meuter et al., 2000). They enable consumers to take an active role in the production of their service experience. As SSTs are a major force shaping consumer behaviour (Beatson et al., 2006), the implications for both consumers and organisations bespeak to be get worded. The failure of SSTs is commonplace (Forbes, 2008 Robertson and Shaw, 2009).SST failure, or consumers perception that one or more aspects of SST delivery read not met their expectations, is att ributed to poor service and failing technology (Meuter et al., 2000). Failures are inevitable with all services, especially SSTs that enter new types of failures, such(prenominal) as consumer failures (Forbes, 2008 Meuter et al., 2000). However, SST recovery, e.g., fixing the problem and providing compensation, is generally reported to be poor (Forbes, 2008). bit consumers demand a superior retort to SST failure, complaints are largely ineffectively handled in this context (Collier and Bienstock, 2006). This is patronage the fact that SST failure intensifies the need for recovery because consumers are often remote from service personnel (Collier and Bienstock, 2006). SST providers develop ignored consumers, denied responsibility for failure, blamed consumers for the problem, *Correspondence to Nichola Robertson, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia. E-mail emailprotectedand provided a generic complaint response (Forbes, 2008 Holloway and Beatt y, 2003). Unsurprisingly, consumers might not bother voicing because they believe that it will be useless (Holloway and Beatty, 2003 Snellman and Vihtkari, 2003). If consumers are displease with an SST encounter and service recovery is perceived to be inept, they will switch and/or spread prejudicial word of mouth and/or mouse (Collier and Bienstock, 2006 Dong et al., 2008 Harris et al., 2006a).In the interpersonal service context, it has been argued, albeit rarely, that service guarantees, or explicit promises made by organisations to deliver a certain level of service to satisfy consumers and to pay them if the service fails (Hogreve and Gremler, 2009), are an effective recovery tool (Bjrlin-Lidn and Skln,2003 Kashyap, 2001 McColl et al., 2005). In a recovery encounter, service guarantees have been found to provide benefits, such as reducing consumer dissatisfaction, negative word of mouth, and shifting (Wirtz, 1998). We argue that in the context of SST failure, service guaran tees could act as a surrogate for service personnel who, in the interpersonal service context, encourage consumer complaints and facilitate recovery.Following our extensive review of service guarantees active in the SST context, it was revealed that guarantees are uncommon in practice for non-Internet SSTs, such as kiosks and interactive voice response (IVR). However, in the Internet context, they appear to be more widespread. For example, guarantees are often used in the context of online banking, where online security, in particular, is guaranteed. They are withal prevalent in the hotel context, typically in the form of online price interconnected guarantees. Therefore, the real-life examples of SST guarantees provided throughout this paper are skewed toward Internet SSTs. However, inN. Robertson et al. guarantees also have the ability to conjure consumers perceptions of fairness following failure. SST guarantees indicate justice in a context that is mostly nonexistent of int erpersonal and other external cues, thereby encouraging consumer voice, facilitating service recovery, and, ultimately, retaining the organisations reputation and its consumers.Our paper contributes to the consumer behaviour domain by adding to the underdeveloped literature on consumer complaints, consumer recovery perceptions, and service guarantees in the SST context, in increase to bringing these independent streams of literature together. As SST recovery in practice is reported to be insufficient from the consumer perspective, further exploration of this topic is warranted. The remainder of this paper justifies a conceptual framework that describes how guarantees applied to different types of SSTs can encourage consumers to voice following failure and enable organisations to provide just recovery for consumers. We nigh(a) with theoretical contributions, managerial implications, and an agenda forfuture research.developing our propositions, we apply the SST classification scheme s developed by Dabholkar (1994) and Meuter et al. (2000) in respect to technology type, purpose, and location. These schemes will be used to highlight the SST contexts that best fit the application of guarantees, which is beyond Internet SSTs. There are two key types of guarantees commonly offered in interpersonal services, unconditional and attributespecific, that also appear to be relevant in the SST setting. An unconditional guarantee covers the core service offering, and consumers are dislodge to invoke it whenever they are dissatisfied (Wirtz et al., 2000). The attribute-specific guarantee is narrower in breadth, covering either a single or multiple service attributes (Van Looy et al., 2003). It is directed to areas within an organisation where consumers perceive that the guarantee adds value (Hart et al., 1992). The attribute-specific guarantee is the type most common in interpersonal services (Van Looy et al., 2003).Our review revealed that this also applies to SSTs. For exa mple, Hertz car renting offers its consumers online check-in for rentals. It guarantees that online check-in enables consumers to pick up a rental vehicle within 10 proceedings or less. If it fails to fulfil this specific promise, consumers are credited $50. In another example, match.com, an online dating service, guarantees via its Make go to bed Happen Guarantee, that if consumers do not find someone special in six months of victimisation its site, it will provide them with six months free service. In the interpersonal service context, consumers have been found to pick attribute-specific guarantees when they consider invoking the guarantee, . . . probably for their clarity and manifest nature (McDougall et al., 1998 289). We further argue that in the SST context, generally devoid of service personnel and, therefore, with reduced opportunities for consumer monitoring, the clarity of an attribute-specific guarantee is less likely to attract consumer abuse (McCollough and Gremle r, 2004).Therefore, we inspire and assume for the remainder of this paper an attribute-specific guarantee. This can cover multiple SST attributes, which is referred to as a multiple attribute-specific guarantee. For example, BestPrintingOnline.com, an online stamp service, guarantees both the quality of its product and on-timedelivery. This type of guarantee provides consumers with the opportunity to complain about several SST problems via guarantee invocation (Bjrlin-Lidn and Skln, 2003). In the context of service recovery, the examination of service guarantees has been scarce, and the use of service guarantees in the SST context has not been examined before. This is confirmed by Hogreve and Gremler (2009) in their review of the past 20years of service guarantee research.To begin to address these gaps, our paper conceptualises the role of service guarantees in the SST failure and recovery context from the consumer perspective. We consider different types of SSTs in developing our propositions. We argue that SST guarantees encourage consumers to voice their complaints via guarantee invocation in the absence of service personnel. In line with the call for research examining the justice dimensions (i.e., distributive, procedural, and interactional justice) of service recovery in the SST context (Forbes et al., 2005), we propose that SST Copyright 2011 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKThe conceptual framework proposed (see Figure 1) is grounded in the theory pertaining to service guarantees, consumer voice, attribution theory, and justice theory. In justifying the framework, the distinctive characteristics of the SST context were considered, including the requirement of consumer co-production that is independent of service personnel, a lack of interpersonal interaction with service personnel, and consumers being obliged to interface and interact with technology (Robertson and Shaw, 2009). When studying SSTs, it is important to distinguish meaningfully between their types (Meuter et al., 2000). In terms of categorising SSTs, two key classification schemes can be drawn. The most cited classification scheme is that proposed by Dabholkar (1994).Her classification scheme considers the following variables (i) who delivers the service (degree and level of consumer participation) (ii) where the service is delivered (location of the SST, i.e. remote, such as IVR or onsite, such as kiosks) and (iii) how the service is delivered (technology type, i.e. Internet and non-Internet, such as kiosks and IVR). More recently, Meuter et al. (2000) proposed a similar classification of SSTs. As per Dabholkars (1994) scheme, they included the different types of technologies that organisations use to interface with consumers (i.e.,Internet and non-Internet) and the purpose of the technology from the viewpoint of consumers, that is, what consumers accomplish from using the technology (i.e., transactions and/or customer service).